No brain, no problem. Jellyfish learn just fine
(An artible by Phie Jackson read on science.com on 22nd September, 2023)
Despite lacking a centralized brain, the translucent creatures can learn from past experiences to avoid bumping into obstacles.
When it comes to learned behavior, even the simplest minds are capable of advanced thought. The Caribbean box jellyfish (Tripedalia cystophora), which doesn’t even have a brain, can alter its behavior based on past experiences, new research reveals. The creature uses this learning ability along with its astoundingly complex visual system to navigate the murky mangrove swamps it calls home, suggests a study today in Current Biology.
Scientists have known for some time that animals in the phylum Cnidaria—which includes jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones—are capable of basic forms of learning when repeatedly presented with a stimulus in their environment. They will either respond to it less (what’s known as habituation) or more (known as sensitization). Humans do this all the time—if you hear a sound over and over again, your ears might tune it out. In other instances, the sound may become difficult to ignore.
Habituation and sensitization are types of so-called nonassociative learning, as they don’t require connections between two different stimulus types in order to generate a response. In contrast, associative learning, which involves linking different types of stimuli together to then modify behavior, is regarded as a more advanced kind of learning.
Until recently, scientists believed that only animals with advanced nervous systems—such as humans and other mammals—could do it. Because a jellyfish’s nervous system is dispersed throughout its body, with no centralized brainlike structure, these animals have been viewed as incapable of associative learning.
Even among other brainless animals, T. cystophora stands out. Whereas most Cnidarians can only vaguely detect light sources, this fingernail-size, translucent creature has a whopping 24 eyes, arranged in clusters around the body to allow it to perceive the world with impressive visual detail and navigate around underwater mangrove roots in the Caribbean Sea and Central Indo-Pacific region.
Anders Garm, a marine biologist at the University of Copenhagen, suspected T. cystophora might also be capable of associative learning. Research from other labs had found some evidence of the phenomenon in sea anemones, but Garm and his colleagues were skeptical. In one of these previous studies, researchers subjected anemones to electric shocks and bright flashes of light.
Over time, the anemones shrank away from the flashes, but because neither stimulus occurs in the animals’ natural habitat, it was difficult to know whether the anemones were truly exhibiting an association between the light and the electric shock, or they had just become highly sensitized to the stimuli. “It’s like judging a fish by the ability to climb a tree,” says Jan Bielecki, a neurobiologist at Kiel University and lead author of the Current Biology study.
For their own test of the learning potential of Cnidarians, Garm and Bielecki wanted to harness natural behaviors. T. Cystophora’s sophisticated eyes make it good at avoiding obstacles with high visual contrast, but their murky habitat often makes objects difficult to distinguish. “This is where learning comes in,” says Michael Kingsford, a marine biologist at James Cook University who wasn’t involved with the study.
The researchers constructed a tank lined with visual stimuli in the form of gray and white stripes to simulate the jellyfish’s mangrove habitat, with the gray stripes mimicking the shapes of distant mangrove roots.
At first, the jellyfish swam close to the stripes and frequently bumped into the tank wall. But as time went on, they seemed to associate the gray stripes with a mechanical stimulus—the pain of collision—and consistently swam away from them. T. cystophora had connected two different stimulus types to change its behavior—both hallmarks of associative learning, the team reports. The jellyfish were also able to change their behavior rather quickly, after just a few run-ins with the tank wall.
To better understand the underlying neurobiology, the researchers isolated one of the jellyfish’s visual centers, known as rhopalia. Each rhopalium contains six eyes and generates electrical signals that modulate the jellyfish’s iconic pulse movement. When T. cystophora encounters an obstacle, rhopalia send out more signals, causing the animal to swerve.
The scientists showed the rhopalium a projected image of a moving gray bar to mimic a jellyfish approaching a mangrove root. At first, the visual center didn’t respond, but when the researchers added in a weak electric shock to mimic the mechanical stimulus of a collision, the rhopalium began to generate the type of high-frequency electrical signals that promote obstacle dodging. These findings suggest this structure, which functions as a type of miniature visual brain, also serves as a learning center.
These results are especially intriguing, Bielecki says, because they suggest learning is an “integral part of neuronal function,” and possibly something that evolved early on and conserved across different animal species. “It gets back to the evolutionary roots of nervous system function and the acquisition of learning,” Kingsford adds.
This would also make sense evolutionarily, the researchers explain, because learning is vital for survival. If an animal can’t change its behavior based on past experiences, it’s far more likely to wind up in deadly situations, Bielecki says. That jellyfish are one of the world’s oldest animals—they’ve been around for more than 500 million years per some estimates—is evidence that they have indeed learned a thing or two along the way.
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